I went to Catholic school for thirteen years, but we still learned about evolution in science class. I really don't remember how in depth it was taught, but I understood the basic concept in junior high. We probably got more into it in biology in high school.

Maybe it's because I was already leaning towards non-belief that it clicked so easily with me. Some of the other kids had a harder time reconciling it with the creation stories we were taught in religion class. I just figured God's day could be billions of years, he created the world and everything in it, then let it progress through evolution. I kind of just ignored the part about Adam and Eve. Most Catholics (at least the ones I know) believe that, or believe it's a plausible explanation.